Neurodevelopmental conditions are defined in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)1 and the 11th edition of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11)2 as conditions that arise early in development. They include attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism, intellectual disabilities, communication disorders, specific learning disorders (e.g., dyslexia), and motor disorders that include developmental co-ordination disorder (and tic disorders in the case of DSM-5). Conceptual Differences There is a rationale for grouping these conditions3 insofar as they typically arise early in development, although they may not be identified until later. Neurodevelopmental conditions show strong overlap with each other and share risk factors in common, including family history and genetic liability. Typically, the clinical course of neurodevelopmental conditions, except for tic disorders, tends to change with maturation but otherwise usually shows a relatively steady state, rather than display a remitting and relapsing pattern. They also do not behave as clear-cut yes/no diagnostic categories; rather, they each lie on a continuum. Finally, neurodevelopmental conditions often are associated with educational differences and challenges. This spectrum …