When people with high levels of narcissism feel ignored or excluded by others, they are more likely to lash out using specific types of passive-aggressive behavior. A recent study published in the Journal of Psychology reveals that these individuals tend to retaliate against social exclusion by indirectly provoking criticism of their peers. These results shed light on how covert hostility operates in everyday social and professional relationships. Psychologists define narcissism as a personality trait characterized by an intense focus on oneself, a belief in personal superiority, and a constant desire for validation. It exists on a spectrum, meaning most people possess some level of narcissistic traits rather than simply being categorized as a narcissist or not. Researchers generally divide the trait into two main subtypes. Grandiose narcissism involves high self-esteem, an exaggerated self-image, and a dominant attitude toward others. Vulnerable narcissism features a fragile self-concept, struggles with emotional regulation, and hypersensitivity to criticism. Both subtypes share a foundation of arrogance and self-centeredness. People with elevated levels of either type frequently antagonize others and act aggressively. …