All posts tagged: asteroids

Scientists Find Microbes Can Survive Traveling from Planet to Planet While Clinging to Asteroids

Scientists Find Microbes Can Survive Traveling from Planet to Planet While Clinging to Asteroids

Sign up to see the future, today Can’t-miss innovations from the bleeding edge of science and tech In an effort to explain how life started on Earth billions of years ago, some scientists have suggested that microbes — or perhaps the organic building blocks of life — may have hitched a ride while clinging to space dust, asteroids, comets, or planetoids. The hypothesis, dubbed panspermia, raises the possibility that the earliest forms of life may have originated on other planets, including perhaps Mars, which scientists believe may have once been covered in oceans, lakes, and rivers. A sub-theory, dubbed lithopanspermia, holds that asteroid strikes on other planets may have dislodged surface material back into orbit, allowing microorganisms embedded within the debris to eventually make it to Earth. It’s an intriguing idea, but proving it is exceedingly difficult. In an effort to push things along — and satisfy their curiosity — Johns Hopkins University asteroid impact expert KT Ramesh and his colleagues gathered experimental data exploring whether bacteria could survive a journey between planets via an …

NASA changed an asteroid’s orbit around the sun for the first time

NASA changed an asteroid’s orbit around the sun for the first time

NASA gave the Didymos system a nudge Steve Gribben/Johns Hopkins APL/NASA Humanity has shifted an asteroid’s orbit around the sun for the first time. This was achieved by NASA’s Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) mission in 2022, but the effect has only now been measured. DART’s target was a small asteroid called Dimorphos, which orbits a larger one called Didymos. The spacecraft crashed into the smaller rock in an effort to shift its orbit around the larger one, testing whether this method, called a kinetic impactor, would be an effective way to change an asteroid’s trajectory if it were heading towards Earth and send it careening past safely. The mission was a smashing success, shortening the length of Dimorphos’s orbit by 32 minutes. In the years since then, astronomers have continued to watch the system, and with nearly 6000 observations, they have been able to calculate the change in the pair’s overall orbit around the sun: it has slowed down by 11.7 micrometres per second, or around 40 millimetres per hour. That is expected to …

How do we know what asteroids are made out of?

How do we know what asteroids are made out of?

Asteroids are some of the oldest objects in the Solar System: leftovers from the chaotic time when planets were assembling from dust and rock. They’re time capsules, preserving clues about what the early Solar System was like, and, ultimately, what the building blocks of planets are. Knowing what an asteroid is made of also matters for very practical reasons. If an asteroid were ever on a collision course with Earth, its composition would affect how dangerous it is, how it breaks up in the atmosphere, and how we might successfully nudge it away. This area of research is called planetary defence. Understanding the make-up of asteroids also matters for the future of exploration: some asteroids may contain metals, minerals, and even water – potentially useful resources. But how can we tell what asteroids are made of when most of them are millions of kilometres away? Asteroid ‘fingerprints’ One of the most powerful techniques is spectroscopy, the science of splitting light into components and measuring what wavelengths are absorbed or reflected. Minerals interact with light in …

Asteroid Ryugu fragments carry a magnetic record from the birth of the solar system

Asteroid Ryugu fragments carry a magnetic record from the birth of the solar system

A small, round piece of asteroid Ryugu (sample #91), called “S-lunar,” contains tiny particles (less than 1 mm) that will allow planetary scientists to study the magnetic signature of the early solar system. Using advanced magnetic techniques, the research team had previously detected several faint but measurable magnetic signatures emanating from the S-lunar particle. These features were present when the solar system was forming. The research team now provides more evidence to support the previously established hypothesis that the S-lunar particles contain the original magnetization caused by the fields present at the time of the solar nebula’s formation. They also demonstrate that many S-lunar particles have been impacted by the same natural remanent magnetization (NRM) mechanism. “Our sensitive magnetic measurements on these microsamples allowed us to clarify and reconcile the various interpretations of the experimental data previously reported by other research groups,” Sato said. “These data represent valuable evidence toward understanding how the early solar system evolved.” Interpretation of magnetic measurements. (a) Typical coercivity ranges of magnetic minerals for coarse grained magnetite, framboidal magnetite, and …

How worried should you be about an asteroid smashing into Earth?

How worried should you be about an asteroid smashing into Earth?

Could this dramatic image ever happen for real? angel_nt/Getty Images Somewhere, out in the cold depths of space, there is a space rock that could destroy a large chunk of life on Earth. Is this fate inevitable? Could we find a way to stop it, or will we eventually suffer the same fate as the dinosaurs? And should this existential threat be keeping you up at night? Here’s what we know. The asteroid that killed the dinosaurs 66 million years ago was at least 10 kilometres across, big enough to cause megatsunamis, ignite enormous forest fires and darken the skies the world over. Asteroids of that size are estimated to hit Earth about every 60 million years, based on the planet’s crater record. For the next size class down, asteroids about 1 kilometre across, estimates suggest they hit Earth about every million years, and the most recent one was about 900,000 years ago. Those numbers are enough to make you nervous. But one of the things that sets humanity apart from the dinosaurs is our …

Asteroid Bennu sample finds life’s building blocks formed in space ice

Asteroid Bennu sample finds life’s building blocks formed in space ice

Penn State researchers think a key ingredient for life may have formed in deep freeze, not in a warm asteroid puddle. A space sample with a new twist Scientists at Penn State; led by geoscientist Allison Baczynski and postdoctoral researcher Ophélie McIntosh; studied amino acids in material from the asteroid Bennu. Their work appeared in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. NASA’s OSIRIS-REx mission delivered the Bennu sample to Earth in 2023. Earlier tests found amino acids in that 4.6-billion-year-old dust. Amino acids are the small molecules that join up to make proteins. Analyzing a precious bit of space dust no bigger than a teaspoon, the Penn State team used custom instruments capable of measuring isotopes, slight variations in the mass of atoms. (CREDIT: Jaydyn Isiminger / Penn State) The big question has been simple: Where did those amino acids form? Many scientists pictured mild, watery chemistry inside an asteroid. The Penn State team says Bennu’s chemistry points somewhere colder. “Our results flip the script on how we have typically thought amino acids …

Lunar asteroid strike in 2032 could trigger moonquakes and meteor storms on Earth

Lunar asteroid strike in 2032 could trigger moonquakes and meteor storms on Earth

Late in 2024, astronomers spotted a new near-Earth asteroid named 2024 YR4. By mid-2025, its improved orbit tracking raised an unusual possibility: the space rock could hit the Moon on Dec. 22, 2032, with about a 4% chance. That scenario is the focus of a new arXiv preprint led by Yifan He of Tsinghua University and co-authors. Their work asks a simple question with big consequences. If a 60-meter asteroid slams into the Moon, what would you see, what would instruments record, and what risks would follow for Earth’s space hardware? The team describes 2024 YR4 as an Apollo-class asteroid whose path crosses both Earth’s and the Moon’s orbits. In their modeling, an impact would occur at about 14.1 kilometers per second. That speed would turn a single strike into a physics experiment that unfolds in seconds, then echoes for years. A low-odds collision with a high-energy punch In the study, the asteroid’s kinetic energy at impact reaches about 3 × 10^16 joules. The authors compare that to roughly 6.5 megatons of TNT. On the …

Marine life evolved rapidly after the dinosaur killing asteroid impact 66 million years ago

Marine life evolved rapidly after the dinosaur killing asteroid impact 66 million years ago

The impact of the asteroid 66 million years ago did not stop life from returning to normal for very long. New research shows that life, particularly marine life, recovered much more quickly than previously thought. New genera of plankton began to appear within thousands of years after the event. Chris Lowery, an associate research professor at the University of Texas Institute for Geophysics in the Jackson School of Geosciences, conducted this study in a way that allowed for the investigation of a critical point in Earth’s history, the aftermath of the mass extinction event at the end of the Cretaceous period. After that, life underwent a re-organization of ecosystems globally. Prior to this research, scientists believed it would take tens of thousands of years for marine species to evolve following this catastrophic event. However, based on this new information, the first indication of a new evolutionary process took place significantly earlier than originally thought. It was within a time frame that belies what has been viewed as fact up to this point concerning how life …

The Search for Alien Artifacts Is Coming Into Focus

The Search for Alien Artifacts Is Coming Into Focus

There’s no denying the allure of alien artifacts. Science fiction is awash in the material remnants of extraterrestrial civilizations, which surface in everything from the classic books of Arthur C. Clarke to game franchises like Mass Effect and Outer Wilds. The discovery of the first interstellar objects in the solar system within the past decade has sparked speculation that they could be alien artifacts or spaceships, though the scientific consensus remains that all three of these visitors have natural explanations. That said, scientists have been anticipating the possibility of encountering alien artifacts since the dawn of the space age. “In the history of technosignatures, the possibility that there could be artifacts in the solar system has been around for a long time,” says Adam Frank, a professor of astrophysics at the University of Rochester. “We’ve been thinking about this for decades. We’ve been waiting for this to happen,” he continues. “But being responsible scientists means holding to the highest standards of evidence and also not crying wolf.” That raises some tantalizing questions: What is the …

World’s largest digital camera spots massive asteroid

World’s largest digital camera spots massive asteroid

Get the Popular Science daily newsletter💡 Breakthroughs, discoveries, and DIY tips sent every weekday. Astronomers have spotted an asteroid the size of nearly eight football fields, with the help of the largest digital camera in the world and a new space observatory. Asteroid 2025 MN45 measures about a half mile in diameter and is the fastest spinning asteroid of its size ever recorded. The team from the National Science Foundation (NSF) and United States Department of Energy (DOE) presented their findings in The Astrophysical Journal Letters. Spin speed matters To spot this asteroid, the team used the cutting-edge Vera C. Rubin Observatory. Located on a mountaintop in Chile, the observatory will repeatedly scan the sky for 10 years using the 3,200 megapixel LSST Camera to create an ultra-wide, ultra-high-definition time-lapse record of our universe. With this camera, Rubin can take an image every 40 seconds.  “NSF–DOE Rubin Observatory will find things that no one even knew to look for,” Luca Rizzi, an NSF program director for research infrastructure, said in a statement. “When Rubin’s Legacy …