All posts tagged: Jupiter formation

New computer simulation reveals exactly how gas giants form

New computer simulation reveals exactly how gas giants form

New simulations suggest gas giants can build roughly 10-Earth-mass solid cores in about 200,000 years when icy pebbles drifting inward from the outer disk grow into planetesimals before being swept up by embryos. Instead of relying mainly on inefficient direct pebble capture, the process concentrates solid material between roughly 6 and 9 astronomical units, where relatively small planetesimals can feed planetary cores rapidly. The model offers a possible solution to the long-standing problem of forming Jupiter-like planets before their gas disks disappear or their growing cores migrate too close to their stars. Building something as massive as Jupiter presents planetary scientists with a timing problem. A giant planet must assemble a large solid core while plenty of hydrogen and helium still surrounds its young star, yet conventional planet-building processes can take too long. Computer simulations now suggest a possible shortcut. Icy particles born far from a young star can drift inward, collide and grow into larger bodies that pile up in a relatively narrow region of the protoplanetary disk. Planetary embryos there can then consume …

JWST reveals how young solar systems may lose the gas needed to build planets

JWST reveals how young solar systems may lose the gas needed to build planets

JWST observations of 72 young planetary systems suggest powerful magnetic winds dominate early disk evolution before giving way to gentler atomic winds. Molecular hydrogen winds were common around younger, more actively accreting stars, while ionized neon increasingly traced slower winds as disks evolved. The findings help explain how planet-forming disks lose their gas and why giant planets such as Jupiter must assemble before that material disappears. The solar system looks calm today, but its earliest years were anything but empty. Around the newborn Sun, a dense disk of gas and dust churned with the raw material that would eventually become planets. That young disk contained about 100 times more gas than dust. Most of that gas disappeared within the first 10 million years, setting a deadline for planets such as Jupiter to gather their enormous atmospheres. A new analysis of James Webb Space Telescope observations now provides one of the clearest pictures yet of how that disappearance may have unfolded. The results suggest that powerful magnetic winds dominated first, followed later by gentler winds driven …