All posts tagged: planetary migration

New computer simulation reveals exactly how gas giants form

New computer simulation reveals exactly how gas giants form

New simulations suggest gas giants can build roughly 10-Earth-mass solid cores in about 200,000 years when icy pebbles drifting inward from the outer disk grow into planetesimals before being swept up by embryos. Instead of relying mainly on inefficient direct pebble capture, the process concentrates solid material between roughly 6 and 9 astronomical units, where relatively small planetesimals can feed planetary cores rapidly. The model offers a possible solution to the long-standing problem of forming Jupiter-like planets before their gas disks disappear or their growing cores migrate too close to their stars. Building something as massive as Jupiter presents planetary scientists with a timing problem. A giant planet must assemble a large solid core while plenty of hydrogen and helium still surrounds its young star, yet conventional planet-building processes can take too long. Computer simulations now suggest a possible shortcut. Icy particles born far from a young star can drift inward, collide and grow into larger bodies that pile up in a relatively narrow region of the protoplanetary disk. Planetary embryos there can then consume …

University of St Andrews scientists discover what will happen when our sun dies

University of St Andrews scientists discover what will happen when our sun dies

WD 1856 b circles the burnt-out core of a dead star at a distance that seems almost impossible. The giant planet skims around a white dwarf in just 1.4 days, far too close to have survived if it had always lived there, and now Webb has helped explain why. The world, about 80 light-years from Earth, is roughly the size of Jupiter but travels around a host star only about as large as Earth. That mismatch makes the system striking on its own. As lead author Ryan MacDonald of the University of St Andrews put it, “The planet is quite the oddball. It’s about the size of Jupiter, but the white dwarf it orbits is the size of Earth, so the planet is seven times larger than its star.” That bizarre pairing matters because it offers a rare look at what can happen to planets after a Sun-like star dies. In about five billion years, the Sun is expected to swell into a red giant, destroying Mercury and Venus and possibly Earth before ending as …

Jupiter-like exoplanet helping scientists rethink how solar systems form

Jupiter-like exoplanet helping scientists rethink how solar systems form

A planet so distant that its starlight began traveling toward Earth around the Middle Ages has given one University of Cincinnati graduate student the kind of first look astronomers wait years for. Last fall, Paul Smith sat up through the night as data from the James Webb Space Telescope started appearing on his computer. Webb, orbiting about a million miles from Earth, had been pointed at TOI-2031A, a faint star 901 light years away. If the team’s calculations were right, the giant planet circling that star would pass in front of it during their narrow observation window, letting them examine its atmosphere in unusual detail. For Smith, who leads data analysis for the project’s first planet, the moment felt personal as well as scientific. “It was a lifelong dream of mine coming true. I was up all night to get the first look at the data,” he said. Paul Smith, pictured with the Cincinnati Observatory’s historic telescope, is using geology and physics tools to study exoplanets light years from Earth. (CREDIT: Connor Boyle/UC Marketing + …

JWST finds a heavy atmosphere on a mini-Neptune orbiting a hot Jupiter

JWST finds a heavy atmosphere on a mini-Neptune orbiting a hot Jupiter

A giant planet was supposed to have the place to itself. Instead, in a star system 190 light-years away, a hot Jupiter shares space with a much smaller world, a mini-Neptune tucked even closer to the star. That pairing is rare enough on its own. Now, a fresh look at the smaller planet’s atmosphere is giving astronomers a clue to how both worlds may have ended up there. Using the James Webb Space Telescope, a team led by MIT examined the atmosphere of TOI-1130 b, the inner planet in the unusual two-planet system. What they found was not a light, hydrogen-and-helium envelope of the kind often expected for a close-in planet. Instead, the atmosphere appears rich in heavier molecules, including water vapor, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide, along with a tentative hint of methane. That mix matters because TOI-1130 b now circles very close to its star, completing an orbit in a little more than four days. The outer planet, TOI-1130 c, a hot Jupiter, circles every 8.35 days. The team argues that the smaller …