CHRIS MILLER: When I started my research on semiconductors, I thought that because chips were everywhere, chips were easy to make, and because nuclear bombs were only controlled by a handful of governments, they were hard to make. But what I realized is it’s actually the exact opposite. If you take nuclear weapons, that technology has barely improved since the 1960s. But chips are everywhere because they’re cheap and they’re tiny, and making things very inexpensive and very small is extraordinarily difficult, which is why there’s just a couple companies in the world that can do it. And it’s done so not just for a couple years, it’s done so now for over half a century. And that’s why when you compare progress in the computing industry to progress anywhere else, there’s really no comparison. I’m Chris Miller, a professor at The Fletcher School and author of, “Chip War: The Fight for the World’s Most Critical Technology.” – [Announcer] Semiconductors 101 – Well, a chip is a piece of silicon, often the size of your fingernail. …